In the wake of Trump v. CASA, the future of widely applicable injunctive relief has been simultaneously clarified and cast into doubt. While holding that so-called “universal” injunctions are impermissible, the Court has left open a variety of potential alternative modes of remediation, including litigation under the Administrative Procedure Act, state-based litigation, and class actions. Will these alternative modes of relief generate the same practical benefits and problems as the old universal injunctions? Is another round of legal change likely or required and, if so, in what form and forum? Recent debates surrounding executive actions on issues such as birthright citizenship have particularly illuminated the tension between rapid judicial intervention as to potentially unconstitutional policies and concerns about judicial activism. Courts may have to balance immediate protection of constitutional rights against respect for coordinate branches and democratic processes. This panel will address these complex tensions at the intersection of judicial power, constitutional rights, and democratic governance, offering insights into how courts might better navigate these challenges in an increasingly polarized legal and political landscape.