This panel will present a rich case study to deepen the conversation on the issues raised in the first three panels. On June 15, 2012, Janet Napolitano, then head of the Department of Homeland Security, issued a Memorandum directing the immigration agencies to exercise prosecutorial discretion in favor of certain undocumented youths who came to the United States as children. USCIS responded by creating Deferred Action for Early Childhood Arrivals (“DACA”), under which nearly two million undocumented youths became eligible for a temporary reprieve from removal and for work authorization. As a result of DACA, youths became eligible for driver’s licenses under existing federal law. DACA could also bear on other issues currently debated by states such as the granting of professional licenses, including the license to practice law. DACA has not been without its critics: its legality has been challenged in litigation and some states have attempted to push back by refusing to issue DACA youths driver’s licenses. This panel will entertain the question of whether DACA is within the permissible scope of prosecutorial discretion in immigration and will also examine the dynamics and implications of cooperative or uncooperative federalism provoked by DACA.